ELEVATIONS

Elevations show the front, rear, and sides of a structure projected on vertical planes parallel to the planes of the sides. Figure 7-13 shows front, rear, right side, and left side elevations of a small building.

As you can see, the elevations give you a number of important vertical dimensions, such as the perpendicular distance from the finish floor to the top of the rafter plate and from the finish floor to the tops of door and window finished openings. They also show the locations and characters of doors and windows. However, the dimensions of window sashes and dimensions and character of lintels are usually set forth in a window schedule.

SECTION VIEWS

A section view is a view of a cross section, developed as shown in figure 7-14. The term is confined to views of cross sections cut by vertical planes. A floor plan or foundation plan, cut by a horizontal plane, is a section as well as a plan view, but it is seldom called a section.

The most important sections are the wall sections. Figure 7-15 shows three wall sections for three alternate types of construction for the building shown in figures 7-9 and 7-11.

Figure 7-13.-Elevations.

Figure 7-14.-Development of a sectional view.

The angled arrows marked "A" in figure 7-11 indicate the location of the cutting plane for the sections. To help you understand the importance of wall sections to the craftsmen who will do the actual building, look at the left wall section in figure 7-15 marked "masonry construction." Starting at the bottom, you learn that the footing will be concrete, 1 foot 8 inches wide and 10 inches high. The vertical distance to the bottom of the footing below FIN GRADE (finished grade, or the level of the finished earth surface around the house) varies-meaning that it will depend on the soil-bearing capacity at the particular site. The foundation wall will consist of 12-inch concrete masonry units (CMU) centered on the footing. Twelve-inch blocks will extend up to an unspecified distance below grade, where a 4-inch brick facing (dimension indicated in the mid-wall section) begins. Above the line of the bottom of the facing, it is obvious that 8-inch instead of 12-inch blocks will be used in the foundation wall.

The building wall above grade will consist of a 4-inch brick facing tier, backed by a backing tier of 4-inch cinder blocks. The floor joists consist of 2 by 8s placed 16 inches OC and will be anchored on 2 by 4 sills bolted on the top of the foundation wall. Every third joist will be additionally secured by a 2 by 1/4 strap anchor embedded in the cinder block backing tier of the building wall.

Window A in the plan front elevation in figure 7-13 will have a finished opening 2 5/8 inches high. The bottom of the opening will be 2 feet 113/4 inches above the line of the finished floor. As shown in the wall section of figure 7-15, 13 masonry courses (layers of masonry units) above the finished floor line will equal a vertical distance of 2 feet 11 3/4 inches. Another 19 courses will amount to the prescribed vertical dimension of the finished window opening.

Figure 7-15 also shows window framing details, including the placement and cross-sectional character of the lintel. The building wall will be carried 10 1/4 inches, less the thickness of a 2 by 8 rafter plate, above the top of the finished window opening. The total vertical distance from the top of the finished floor to the top of the rafter will be 8 feet 2 1/4 inches. Ceiling joists and rafters will consist of 2 by 6s, and the roof covering will consist of composition shingles on wood sheathing.

Flooring will consist of a wood finished floor on a wood subfloor. Inside walls will be finished with plaster on lath (except on masonry, which would be with or without lath as directed). A minimum of 2 vertical feet of crawl space will extend below the bottoms of the floor joists.

The middle wall section in figure 7-15 gives similar information for a similar building constructed with wood-frame walls and a double-hung window. The third wall section in the figure gives you similar information for a similar building constructed with a steel frame, a casement window, and a concrete floor finished with asphalt tile.

DETAILS

Detail drawings are on a larger scale than general drawings, and they show features not appearing at all, or appearing on too small a scale, in general drawings. The wall sections in figure 7-15 are details as well as sections, since they are drawn on a considerably larger scale than the plans and elevations. Framing details at doors, windows, and cornices, which are the most common types of details, are nearly always shown in sections.

Details are included whenever the information given in the plans, elevations, and wall sections is not sufficiently "detailed" to guide the craftsmen on the job. Figure 7-16 shows some typical door and window wood framing tails, and an eave detail for a very simple type of cornice. Figure 7-17 shows architectural symbols for doors and windows.

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