APPENDIX II CBR TERMINOLOGY

ABSORBED DOSE/(DOSE)-The actual amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed by body tissues per gram of tissues; expressed in rads. In this manual, the concept of exposure is used primarily.

ABSORBED DOSE RATE-The actual rate at which ionizing radiation energy is absorbed by body tissues, expressed in rads/hr.

ACCEPTABLE DOSE-Radiation dose considered acceptable by command for the conditions of a single contaminating nuclear attack. Equal to or less than maximum permissible dose.

ADJUSTMENT OF OPERATING PRO-CEDURES-A type of radiological countermeasure used to reduce exposure of mission personnel and thus permit an earlier mission entry time. Also used to regulate exposure of recovery personnel. These adjustments include reduction in hours worked per day or per week, increased number of shifts per day, and rotation of personnel between locations of high and low exposure rates.

AIRBURST-A nuclear explosion sufficiently high in the air that the fireball does not significantly interact with the ground or water. This type of burst does not cause significant fallout.

ALPHA RADIATION-Positively charged particles that are identical with the nuclei of helium atoms. Alpha particles are completely absorbed in a few inches of air and cannot penetrate clothing or skin. Hazards from alpha particles are insignificant to this report.

APPLIED SHIELDING-Material, for example, sandbags, earth, or concrete blocks, added to a building or around a work area during the operational recovery phase to reduce the gamma-radiation exposure rate. (See SHIELDING.)

BETA RADIATION-High speed electrons. Beta particles can penetrate a few feet in air and are absorbed by a small thickness of material. The hazard from beta particles is negligible from the standpoint of this report EXCEPT for the case where fallout material directly contaminates the skin or clothing of recovery personnel.

BIOLOGICAL RECOVERY-The limited ability of the human body to repair the injury caused by gamma radiation. Biological recovery does not apply to late effects, which are independent of the time period over which exposure is received.

BLAST DAMAGE-Damage caused by the air-blast wave of a nuclear-weapon explosion. Damage from ground- or watertransmitted overpressures is usually called shock damage.

BUFFER ZONE-A reclaimed strip around the staging area or the vital area required to obtain the desired reduction in radiation-field exposure rates in either area.

BULLDOZING-A reclamation method, using a bulldozer, in which several inches of the top layer of the contaminated soil are scraped off and moved from the area.

CASUALTIES-Personnel unavailable for duty because of radiation injury.

CLEAN-Not contaminated; i.e., not covered by or contaminated with significant amounts of radioactive material.

CONTAMINANT-See CONTAMINA-TION.

CONTAMINATED AREA-Any surface on which fallout has deposited.

CONTAMINATING NUCLEAR AT-TACK-A nuclear-weapon explosion that produces fallout contamination in militarily significant amounts. Surface and subsurface bursts may produce such contamination.

CONTAMINATION-Dirt particles or water droplets carrying radioactive materials. In this manual, only dry contamination (dirt) is considered. CONTAMINATION and CON-TAMINANT are often used interchangeably.

CONTROL CENTER-A location, usually well-protected, from which defense operations are directed and coordinated.

CONTROL POINT-Location at which authorized personnel control the movements of personnel and material in and out of a contaminated area. Control points are usually located at the edge of the staging area and area adjacent to personnel-decontamination and materialdecontamination facilities, such as the decontamination station.

COUNTERMEASURE-A procedure such as decontamination, use of applied or natural shielding, adjustment of operating procedures, etc. which serves to decrease the effect of radioactive fallout in producing casualties. See RADIOLOGICAL COUNTERMEASURES.

DCT-Disaster control team.

DECAY, RADIOACTIVE-Spontaneous and gradual disintegration of one atom or element into another.

DECONTAMINATION-Removal of contamination from a surface, particularly from a paved surface, building surface, equipment, or personnel. (Decontamination is a sub-category of reclamation. ) See RECLAMATION.

DECONTAMINATION STATION, PER-SONNEL-A building or area, adjacent to the control point of the staging area, in which a person who has been exposed to contamination may (1) have his body and clothing monitored for radioactivity, (2) remove radioactivity from his body by showering, and (3) have issued to him clean clothing to replace any contaminated articles. The decontamination station may also be used to brief work crews entering the contaminated area. It is generally located on the main access road at or just inside the staging area.

DOSE-See ABSORBED DOSE.

DOSE LIMIT-See EXPOSURE LIMIT.

DOSE RATE-See EXPOSURE RATE.

DOSIMETER-A portable individual radiac instrument for indicating the amount of gamma radiation to which a person has been exposed; i.e., an instrument which measures exposure. (Dosimeters which actually measure DOSE in rads are not in fact generally available. However, to a good first approximation, a fallout exposure of 1 roentgen results in a dose of 1 rad.)

EARLY EFFECTS-Casualty effects noticeable during exposure or within hours after exposure to gamma radiation.

EMERGENCY DOSE-The dose received by personnel while in shelter during the emergency phase. Also called SHELTER DOSE.

EMERGENCY PHASE-The first phase of radiological defense. Covers the time period of peak radiation hazard from warning or time of attack to the beginning of the operational recovery phase. The end of the emergency phase may lie between several days and four weeks after attack. Adequate shelter is the primary countermeasure during this phase.

ENTRY TIME-The time, measured from the time of burst, at which personnel enter a radiation field to perform an action, such as recovery work or mission resumption. It may have a modifying adjective, such as recovery entry time, or mission entry time (MET). The time at which a group leaves the radiation field, measured from burst time, is the exit time. The exit time minus the entry time is the staytime or exposure period.

ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS-The functions and associated facilities that are vital to the postattack mission as defined by Command. They are located in the vital area.

EXIT TIME-Defined under ENTRY TIME.

EXPOSURE-The amount of gamma radiation (measured in roentgens) to which a person has been exposed. In this manual, all exposures are referenced to a height 3 ft above the ground. cf. EXPOSURE RATE: DOSE.