Le Chatelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to an equilibrium, the system will adjust to minimize the effect of the stress.

The following terms are defined:

Density is the measure of the mass per unit volume of a material (density = mass/volume).

Molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution. Molar solutions are symbolized by the capital letter M.

Normality, (N), is defined as the number of equivalents of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.

ppm expresses the concentration of a solution in units of one part of solute to one million parts solvent. One ppm equals one milligram of solute per liter of solution.

To balance chemical equations, the number of elemental constituents must be the same on each side of the equation.

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ACIDS, BASES, SALTS, AND pH

Different substances respond differently in solution. How substances behave in water is of special interest to the power industry. The interactions of water and acids, bases, or salts are of special interest because water is used in many industries. This chapter will introduce the student to the general behavior of these substances.

EO 3.1 DEFINE the following terms:

a. Acid e. Base

b. Salt f. pH

c. pOH g. Dissociation constant of water

d. Alkalies

EO 3.2 STATE the formula for pH.

EO 3.3 STATE the formula for pOH.

EO 3.4 CALCULATE the pH of a specified solution.