The important information in this chapter is summarized below.

Dissolved Gases, Suspended Solids And pH Control Summary

Because of the presence of impurities, raw water sources undergo treatment prior to use as makeup water in reactor facility systems. These systems normally utilize several distinct processes that remove solids, ionic impurities, and gases. Pretreatment of makeup water is necessary to reduce corrosion, minimize radiation, and limit fouling of heat transfer surfaces.

If the hydrogen and hydroxyl forms of resin are used, the result is pure, neutral water. Other forms may be used to remove unwanted impurities from solution and substitute another substance, such as a base, to help control pH. Resins also filter solids suspended in a solution, but the efficiency for this is usually less than the efficiency for removal by ion exchange.

Dissolved Gases, Suspended Solids And pH Control Summary (Cont.)

Dissolved gases are removed from reactor facility systems to limit corrosion by any one of the following methods or combinations of methods:

Aeration - The spraying of the water to physically release the entrained gasses, then venting the gas.

Deaeration - The heating of the water to a slow boil, then vents the gas usually to a condenser so the moisture is not lost.

Addition of scavengers - Examples are hydrogen, hydrazine, and morpholine, the scavenger combines with the gas and removes it chemically.

Channeling in an ion exchanger occurs when there is a direct flowpath for the water that decreases the resin-water contact. Channeling may occur in the resin bed as a result of improper filling or malfunction of the inlet connection.

Resins are susceptible to damage by overheating. Although a resin contains a very large number of exchange sites, the number is finite and the resin exchange capability is eventually depleted. The first indication of depletion is breakthrough, which occurs when impurity ions begin to appear in the solution after it has passed through the resin.

When the concentration of impurities is the same before and after the solution passes through the resin, the resin has reached a state of exhaustion.

Suspended solids are removed by the use of mechanical filters. The two basic categories of mechanical filters are gravity flow and pressure flow filters. The pressure flow filters are more likely to be used because there are better control capabilities. Numerous materials are used as filter media and include sand, activated charcoal, anthracite, diatomaceous earth, and to some extent the resin in an ion exchanger