Not all neutrons are released at the same time following fission. Most neutrons are released virtually instantaneously and are called prompt neutrons. A very small fraction of neutrons are released after the decay of fission products and are called delayed neutrons. Although delayed neutrons are a very small fraction of the total number of neutrons, they play an extremely important role in the control of the reactor.

EO 3.1STATE the origin of prompt neutrons and delayed neutrons.

EO 3.2STATE the approximate fraction of neutrons that are born as delayed neutrons from the fission of the following nuclear fuels:

a. Uranium-235 b. Plutonium-239

EO 3.3EXPLAIN the mechanism for production of delayed neutrons.

EO 3.4EXPLAIN prompt and delayed neutron generation times.

EO 3.5Given prompt and delayed neutron generation times and delayed neutron fraction, CALCULATE the average generation time.

EO 3.6EXPLAIN the effect of delayed neutrons on reactor control.

Neutron Classification

The great majority (over 99%) of the neutrons produced in fission are released within about io^-13 seconds of the actual fission event. These are called prompt neutrons. A small portion of fission neutrons are delayed neutrons, which are produced for some time after the fission process has taken place. The delayed neutrons are emitted immediately following the first beta decay of a fission fragment known as a delayed neutron precursor. An example of a delayed neutron precursor is bromine-87, shown below.

For most applications, it is convenient to combine the known precursors into groups with appropriately averaged properties. These groups vary somewhat depending on the fissile material in use. Table 3 lists the characteristics for the six precursor groups resulting from thermal fission of uranium-235. The fraction of all neutrons that are produced by each of these precursors is called the delayed neutron fraction for that precursor. The total fraction of all neutrons born as delayed neutrons is called the delayed neutron fraction (). The fraction of delayed neutrons produced varies depending on the predominant fissile nuclide in use. The delayed neutron fractions () for the fissile nuclides of most interest are as follows: uranium-233 (0.0026), uranium-235 (0.0065), uranium-238 (0.0148), and plutonium-239 (0.0021).