APPENDIX I GLOSSARY

AGGREGATE- Crushed rock or gravel, screened to sizes for use in road surfaces, concrete, or bituminous mixes.

ANGLING DOZER (Angledozer)-A bulldozer with a blade that can be pivoted on a vertical center pin so as to cast its load to either side.

APRON- The front gate of a scraper body.

ASPHALT- A dark brown to black cementitious material in which the predominating constituents are bitumens that occur in nature or are obtained in petroleum processing. Asphalt is a constituent in varying proportions of most crude petroleums.

ASPHALT CEMENT- A fluxed or unfluxed asphalt specially prepared as to quality and consistency for direct use in the manufacture of asphalt pavements.

ASPHALT CONCRETE- High-quality thoroughly controlled hot mixture of asphalt cement and well-graded, high-quality aggregate, thoroughly compacted into a uniform, dense mass.

ASPHALT LEVELING COURSE- A course (asphalt aggregate mixture) of variable thickness used to eliminate irregularities in the contour of an existing surface before a superimposed treatment or construction.

ASPHALT, MEDIUM-CURING (MC)- Cutback asphalt, composed of asphalt cement and a kerosene type of diluent of medium volatility.

ASPHALT, RAPID-CURING (RC)- Cutback asphalt, composed of asphalt cement and naphtha or gasoline type of diluent of high volatility.

ASPHALT, SLOW-CURING (SC)- Cutback asphalt, composed of asphalt cement and oils of low volatility.

AUGER- A rotating drill having a screw thread that carries cuttings away from the face.

AUXILIARY- A helper or standby engine or unit.

AXIS OF ROTATION- The vertical line around which the upper structure rotates.

AXLE, LIVE- A revolving horizontal shaft.

BACKFILL- (1) The material used in refilling a ditch or other excavation. (2) The process of such refilling.

BAIL BLOCK- Block attached to a dragline bucket, through which rope line is reeved. Also referred to as "PADLOCK."

BAIL (BUCKET)- A yoke or spreader, hinged to the sides of a dragline bucket, to which is attached a connecting sheave or chain for hoisting and dragging operations.

BALL JOINT- A connection, consisting of a ball and socket, that will allow a limited hinge movement in any direction.

BANK- Specifically, a mass of soil rising above a digging or trucking level. Generally, any soil that is to be dug from its natural position.

BANK GRAVEL- Gravel found in natural deposits, usually more or less intermixed with fine material, such as sand or clay, and combinations thereof; gravelly clay, gravelly sand, clayey gravel, and sandy gravel indicate the varying proportions of the materials in the mixture.

BASE COURSE- The layer of material immediately beneath the surface or intermediate course. It may be composed of crushed stone, crushed slag, crushed or uncrushed gravel and sand, or combinations of these materials. It also may be bound with asphalt.

BANK YARDS- Yards of soil or rock measured in its original position (before digging).

BEDROCK- Solid rock, as distinguished from boulders.

BENCH- A working level or step in a cut that is made in several layers.

BINDER- (1) Fines which hold gravel together when it is dry. (2) A deposit check that makes a contract valid.

BITUMEN- A class of black or dark-colored (solid, semisolid, or viscous) cementitious substance, natural or manufactured, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons, or which asphalts, tars, pitches, and asphaltites are typical.

BLASTING MAT- A heavy, flexible fabric of woven wire rope or chain, used to confine blasts.

BLEEDING OR FLUSHING- Is the upward movement of asphalt in an asphalt pavement, resulting in the formation of a film of asphalt on the surface. The most common cause is too much asphalt in one or more of the pavement courses, resulting from too rich a plant mix, an improperly constructed seal coat, too heavy a prime or tack coat, or solvent-carrying asphalt to the surface. Bleeding or flushing usually occurs in hot weather.

BLUE TOPS- Grade stakes with blue tops to indicate finish grade level, usually a 2-inch by 2-inch by 6-inch hub stake.

BM- Bench mark.

BODY- The load carrying part of a truck or scraper.

BOGIE AXLE- Two or more axles, mounted to a frame so as to distribute the load between the axles and permit vertical oscillation of the axles.

BOOM CHORD- A main corner member of a lattice type of boom.

BOOM, CRANE- A long, light boom, usually of lattice construction.

BOOM HOIST- Mechanism to control the elevation of the boom and to support it.

BOOM LACING- Structural truss members at angles to and supporting the boom chords of a lattice type of boom.

BOOM, LATTICE- A long, light boom fabricated of crisscrossed steel or aluminum angles or tubing.

BOOM LENGTH- Boom length is a straight line through the center line of the boom pivot pinto the center line of the boom point load hoist sheave pin, measured along the longitudinal axis of the boom.

BOWL- (1) The bucket or body of a carrying scraper. (2) Sometimes the moldboard or blade of a dozer.

BUCKET- A part of an excavator that digs, lifts, and carries dirt.

BULLDOZER- (1) A tractor equipped with a front pusher blade. (2) In a machine shop, a horizontal press.