EJECTOR- A clean-out device, usually a sliding plate.

EMBANKMENT- A fill whose top is higher than the adjoining surface.

EROSION- Wear caused by moving water or wind.

FACE- (1) The more or less vertical surface of rock exposed by blasting or excavating or the cutting end of a drill hole. (2) An edge of rock used as a starting point in figuring drilling and blasting. (3) The width of a roll crusher.

FACTOR OF SAFETY- The ratio of the ultimate strength of the material to the allowable or working stress.

FAIRLEAD- A device which lines up cable so that it will wind smoothly onto a drum.

FEATHER- To blend the edge of new material into the old surface smoothly.

FIFTH WHEEL- The weight-bearing swivel connection between highway type of tractors and semitrailers.

FILL- An earth or broken rock structure or embankment. Soil or loose rock used to raise a grade. Soil that has no value except bulk.

FLOAT- In reference to a dozer blade, to rest by its own weight or to be held from digging by upward pressure of a load of dirt against its moldboard.

FOOT- In tamping rollers, one of a number of projections from a cylindrical drum.

FOOT-POUND- Unit of work equal to the force in pounds multiplied by the distance in feet through which it acts. When a 1-pound force is exerted through a 1-foot distance, 1 foot-pound of work is done.

FOUR BY FOUR (4 x 4)- A vehicle with four wheels or sets of wheels, all engine-driven.

FREE FALL- Lowering of the hook (with or without a load) without it being coupled to the power train with the lowering speed being controlled by a retarding device, such as a brake.

FRONT-END LOADER- A tractor loader with a bucket that operates entirely at the front end of the tractor.

FROST- Frozen soil.

FROST LINE- The greatest depth to which ground may be expected to freeze.

GANTRY- (1) An overhead structure that supports machines or operating parts. (2) An upward extension of the revolving frame of a crane that holds the boom line sheaves.

GEAR- A toothed wheel, cone, or bar.

GOOSENECK- An arched connection, usually between a tractor and a trailer.

GRADE- (1) Usually the elevation of a real or planned surface. (2) Also means surface slope.

GRADER- A machine with a centrally located blade that can be angled to cast to either side with an independent hoist control on each side.

GRADE STAKE- A stake indicating the amount of cut or fill required to bring the ground to a specified level.

GRAVEL- (1) Rock fragments from 2mm to 64 mm (.08 to 2.5 inches) in diameter. (2) A mixture of such gravel with sand, cobbles, boulders, and not over 15 percent fines.

GRIEF STEM- See "KELLY."

GRIZZLY- (1) A coarse screen used to remove oversize pieces from earth or blasted rock. (Maybe spelled "grizzlie.") (2) A gate or closure on a chute.

GROUND PRESSURE- The weight of a machine, divided by the area in square inches of the ground directly supporting it.

GROUSER- Projecting lug(s) attached to or integral with the ma chine track shoes to provide additional tract ion.

GRUBBING- Digging out roots.

HAND LEVEL- A sighting level that does not have a tripod, base, or telescope.

HARDPAN- (1) Hard, tight soil. (2) A hard layer that may form just below plow depth on cultivated land.

HAUL DISTANCE- (1) Is the distance measured along the center line or most direct practical route between the center of the mass of excavation and the center of mass of the fill as finally placed. (2) It is the distance the material is moved.

HOLDING LINE- The cable reeved from a hoist drum for holding a clamshell bucket or grapple suspended during dumping and lowering operations.

HOOK, PINTLE- A towing bracket, having a fixed lower part and a hinged upper one, which, when locked together, makes a round opening.

HOPPER- A storage bin or a funnel that is loaded from the top and discharges through a door or chute in the bottom.

HORSEPOWER- (1) A measurement of power that includes the factors of force and speed. (2) The force required to lift 33,000 pounds 1 foot in 1 minute.

HORSEPOWER, DRAWBAR- Horsepower available to move a tractor and its load after deducting losses in the power train.

HOLDING LINE- The hoist cable for a clamshell bucket.

IDLER- Large end roller of a track assembly at the opposite end from the drive sprocket; the roller is not power-driven.

INJECTOR- In a diesel engine, the unit that sprays fuel into the combustion chamber.