WORK PROGRAMS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Define work simplification. List and describe several techniques for improving work methods.

^{An important} aspect of management is _the accomplishment of assigned tasks economically. To achieve maximum efficiency and productivity, plan carefully. Make every effort to improve the work situation and to realize optimum use of available manpower and resources.

Work simplification is a commonsense, systematic method of identifying and analyzing work problems, developing solutions, and installing improvements. This will promote better use of equipment, material, time, and personnel, any or all of which maybe in short supply.

Several techniques have been developed that the leading petty officer can use for improving work methods. These techniques consist of analyses of the distribution and volume of work, steps in the sequence of operations, physical motions involved, and space arrangements. All five techniques are not necessarily involved, or even practical to use, when surveying a particular work problem. It is not always possible, for instance, to alter physical arrangements, particularly aboard ship. The conduct of one analysis, however, may reveal the need to conduct another type to achieve maximum use and efficiency.

Keep in mind that the techniques discussed are merely some methods of analyzing work programs. They do not guarantee a cure for any problems uncovered. Careful analysis, however, should lead to the more effective use of available personnel, whether it is through expansion or reduction of work undertaken, through job or responsibility reassignments, or any other action.

CRIME PREVENTION

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Define the terms used in crime prevention. State the two factors of any criminal act. Explain crime prevention and state the purpose of the crime prevention survey.

Formulating a comprehensive crime prevention program, to be effective both within an installation and the surrounding community, is a command responsibility.

You must elicit the support of the members of the staff and also the members of governmental and law enforcement agencies of the civilian community. That includes all agencies that in some way contribute to minimizing the opportunity to commit crime.

DEFINITIONS

We will now briefly introduce you to some of the more common terms used in crime prevention. 

. Crime- An act or omission, defined by law, and made by constituted authority through a judicial proceeding for the protection of society. 

l Crime prevention- The anticipation, recognition, and appraisal of a crime risk, and the initiation of some action to remove or reduce it. Crime prevention is a direct crime patrol method that applies to before-the-fact efforts to reduce criminal opportunity, protect potential human victims, and prevent property loss.

l Crime prevention inspection- An onsite evaluation of the crime prevention program of a unit, section, office, or other facility. 

l Crime prevention campaign- A program designed to deal with the control or prevention of specific types of crime based on patterns of occurrence, offenders, and victims. 

l Crime repression- The reduction of crimes and offenses through such measures as patrolling, and physical security and crime prevention surveys and ^inspections. This also includes observing of persons and places considered crime-producing and discouraging military personnel from participating in activities conducive to crime. 

l Crime risk management- The development of systematic approaches to reduce crime risks.

FACTORS OF CRIME

Usually there are two factors present in the commission of any criminal act: (1) the desire and (2) the opportunity. To have maximum effect, the crime prevention program must be directed toward both of these factors. Crime prevention is designed specifically to nullify the individual's desire to commit criminal acts and to eliminate or neutralize the opportunity of ^{committing such acts.} Actual offenses can be minimized, and much effort expended on the prosecution of offenders can be avoided by the following: 

. Elimination of the opportunity to commit crime by the application of effective police preventive techniques

. Minimization of desire to commit crime by the application of social welfare techniques available to the commanding officer

PREVENTION OF SPECIFIC CRIMES AND OFFENSES

The Navy crime prevention program is concerned with types as well as the number of crimes and offenses. The effectiveness of crime prevention techniques depends largely upon the nature of the crimes and offenses being committed and the measure of attention that might be reasonably focused upon them. The application of preventive techniques should be made after a careful analysis of the situation has revealed the causative and contributing factors involved. You must be aware of the need for analysis so that in the conduct of your investigation, you will look for causes and be prepared to make recommendations for prevention.

CRIME PREVENTION SURVEY

The Navy crime prevention survey is a professional and technical review and analysis of existing conditions within a command that tend to have a bearing upon criminal conduct on the part of personnel of the command. Such a survey normally is initiated when the offense or incident rate increases and when statistics show that the offenses are occurring in specific areas or at certain off-base establishments.

The objective of the crime prevention survey is to determine the causative factor responsible for the offenses and to enable the formulation of recommendations for remedial action. It determines the nature, extent, and underlying causes of crime; evaluates present crime prevention efforts; and makes recommendations for improvement of crime prevention action. The crime prevention survey is one of the essential component parts of a well-rounded, coordinated crime prevention program. The survey may include detailed review and investigation as to the nature and extent of criminal misconduct involving personnel, military or civilian, of the command. It may also involve an evaluation of specific operation methods and procedures affecting the protection of personnel or property, and it may include an analysis of neighboring civilian environmental factors. The survey may be conducted in reference to a specific command activity or off-base establishment, or be more general in scope. Normally, a crime prevention survey is instituted for one of two reasons:

1. To supply detailed information on which to establish or update the command's general crime prevention program

2. To furnish timely data and technical recommendations relative to crime prevention measures applicable to specific facilities or situations within command areas of interest

Relationship of Crime Prevention Surveys to Physical security Inspections

Physical security inspections provide an evaluation of all the physical security measures, emergency and disaster plans, and other procedures used to protect an installation or activity within the installation.

A crime prevention survey is an investigation of a specified activity, area, or condition for the purpose of minimizing or eliminating the opportunity or desire to commit or engage in criminal activities, to include malfeasance, misfeasance, nonfeasance, and moral turpitude.

Figure 18-3 depicts the relationship of physical security and crime prevention surveys.

Subjects of Surveys

Factors and conditions bearing upon crime and its prevention within a command may concern activities, areas, places, or units integral to the command. In addition, conditions within areas, places, or establishments located in the civilian community may influence the conduct of both military and civilian personnel of the command. Consequently, a crime prevention survey may embrace not only matters directly under the commanding officer's jurisdiction, but also matters beyond his or her direct control. Since the latter is true, the MA should establish and maintain close working liaison in respect to police intelligence and crime prevention with civil law enforcement officials and agencies in the vicinity of the command.

Activities and areas within the command's jurisdiction and control are subject to direct action and influence, both as to operational features and environmental factors that might tend to influence the conduct of personnel. Physical security measures may largely negate opportunity to misappropriate or destroy government property by persons not authorized to be present within the protected or restricted area. Determination of types and degree of application of such measures are based on conditions revealed as a result of making a physical security inspection.

Figure 18-3.-The relationship of physical security and crime prevention surveys.

When persons are authorized to be present either in small or large numbers, physical exclusion and detection measures may be largely inappropriate as protective measures. The commanding officer will need to take cognizance of factors that may tend to create temptation or instigate impulsive misconduct in respect to individuals who are authorized to be present. Operational and environmental considerations requiring the presence of significant numbers of personnel are properly subjects of crime prevention surveys in an effort to minimize the number of personnel in critical areas.

Limited surveys of civilian establishments or areas frequented by command personnel, to observe type and manner of operations, management attitudes and policies, character of patronage, associated activities, physical conditions, and such other factors that may have an influence upon the welfare and the morale of military personnel may in instances be considered desirable or necessary for the information of the commanding officer. In conducting such surveys, take care to avoid trespass or other violations of private rights and to avoid violation of the Posse Comitatus Act. Obtain permission for entry into nonpublic areas of establishments such as stores, theaters, cafes, and hotel lobbies. The commanding officer has no authority to require cooperation, even the answering of inquiries, on the part of civilian proprietors or authorities.

When a crime prevention survey of civilian establishments or areas is planned, primary emphasis should be placed on those establishments that are frequently visited by military personnel. However, that an establishment has a large military clientele should not in itself be used as justification for a survey. In addition, there should be either a record of criminal incidents in the establishment or area, or reasonable grounds to believe that criminal incidents might develop there. Time and available personnel permitting, establishments and areas with a smaller military clientele or only a potential military patronage may also be surveyed.

A survey of civilian establishments or areas may develop information on which 

l a recommendation that it be placed off limits to military personnel can be based;

. the commanding officer can base recommendations to the civil authorities regarding the elimination of conditions detrimental to the health, welfare, morale, and integrity of military personnel; 

l a recommendation for increasing, reducing, establishing, or eliminating patrols can be based; 

l investigation of offenses committed by persons subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ) or of offenses against government property under Navy control can be initiated; or 

l a recommendation can be made to civil authorities that a cooperative, concerted effort be made to eliminate an undesirable situation or increase the availability of wholesome activities and services within the civilian community.