ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS Q1. THROUGH Q50.

A1. Size, weight, and power consumption.
A2. The transistor and solid-state diode.
A3. Technology of electronic systems made of extremely small electronic parts or elements.
A4. The Edison Effect.
A5. Transformers, capacitors, and resistors.
A6. "Rat's nest" appearance and unwanted interaction, such as capacitive and inductive effects.
A7. Rapid repair of systems and improved efficiency.
A8. Differences in performance of tubes of the same type.
A9. Eliminate heavy chassis and point-to-point wiring.
A10. Components soldered in place.
A11. Cordwood module.
A12. Elements inseparably associated and formed in or on a single substrate.
A13. Monolithic, film, and hybrid.
A14. Monolithic ICs contain active and passive elements. Film ICs contain only passive elements.
A15. Combination of monolithic ICs and film components.
A16. 1,000 to 2,000.
A17. Circuit design, component placement, suitable substrate, and depositing proper materials on substrate.
A18. Complex.
A19. Control patterns of materials on substrates.
A20. Glass or ceramic.
A21. Crystal is sliced into wafers. Then ground and polished to remove any surface defect.
A22. Diffusion; epitaxial growth.
A23. Diffusion penetrates substrate; epitaxial does not.
A24. Electrical separation of elements.
A25. Evaporation and cathode sputtering.
A26. Screening.
A27. Combination of monolithic and film elements.
A28. Circuit flexibility.

A29. Protect the IC from damage; make handling easier.
A30. TO, flat pack, DIP.
A31. Flip-chip, beam lead.
A32. Left.
A33. Counterclockwise.
A34. Reference mark.
A35. Clockwise.
A36. Identify the type of IC.
A37. Communication.
A38. Integrated circuits.
A39. Miniature.
A40. Level 0.
A41. Level I.
A42. Level II.
A43. Conventional printed circuit boards, multilayer printed circuit boards and modular assemblies.
A44. Clearance hole, plated-through hole, and layer build-up.
A45. Difficulty of repair of internal connections.
A46. Cordwood modules.
A47. Procurement specifications.
A48. Military Standards.
A49. Equipment designers (planners).
A50. Ground planes, shielding, component placement.