A1. Direction of armature current, and direction of magnetic flux in field.
A2. Direction of conductor movement (rotation), direction of flux, and the direction of current flow.
A3. There are no differences.
A4. Generator action.
A5. Speed.
A6. The device to be driven by the motor.
A7. It must have a load connected to avoid damage from excess speed.
A8. High torque (turning force) at low speed.
A9. It maintains a constant speed under varying loads.
A10. Only outside of coils cut flux (inefficient).
A11. By winding the armature in a way that places the entire coil where it is exposed to maximum flux.
A12. By reversing either field or armature connections.
A13. Motor will slow down.
A14. Opposite the rotation.
A15. Armature current.
A16. To limit armature current until counter emf builds up.