On a nuclear battlefield, units must be dispersed to the greatest extent possible consistent with the situation and the mission. Dispersed units present smaller targets and, hence, are less vulnerable. In contingency planning, the positioning, movement, and missions of units may require adjustment by the commanders to minimize the effects of nuclear bursts while maintaining the ability to continue construction operations and hold defensive positions. Defensive measures for individuals and units should include protection from blast, heat, and initial and residual radioactive fallout.

Defensive Measures before a Nuclear Attack

When a nuclear attack is imminent, the best defense is to dig in. Earth is one of the best shielding materials available in the field. Seabee defensive positions, which vary from individual fighting holes to improved defensive positions, should be prepared whenever the tactical situation permits. Read chapter 7 for detailed information on constructing fighting holes and shelters.

FIGHTING HOLE.- A properly constructed fighting hole provides excellent protection against initial radiation. The deeper the fighting hole, the more protection it provides. An overhead covering of earth or other material will help reduce the amount of thermal and initial nuclear radiation and fallout material from reaching the individual. However, this cover must be sturdily constructed to withstand the blast wave.

FIELD SHELTERS.- Tunnels, caves, and storm drains provide effective shelter. Culverts and ditches can be used in an emergency, although they offer only partial protection. Vehicles made of steel, such as tank and armored personnel carriers, provide some protection. Buildings usually are not strong enough to provide effective shelter, but the middle floors or basement of a reinforced concrete or steel-frame building offers protection from all effects except the blast. Personnel should avoid the areas around windows and other openings.

SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT.- Individual equipment and supplies not being worn should be placed in the fighting hole. None of this equipment can be left unsecured because the blast wave converts them into lethal missiles. Unit supplies, particularly explosives and flammables, should be dispersed within the unit area and protected or shielded. Debris must be kept to a minimum and not be allowed to collect because it could become afire hazard. Objects, such as radios, generator tools, and gas cans, must always be secured to minimize the danger of flying debris caused by the blast wave.