Thermal burns are caused by exposure to intensely hot solids, liquids, or gases. Their care depends upon the severity of the burn and the percentage of the body area involved.

TREATMENT. Minor burns, such as first-degree burns over less than 20 percent of the body area and small second-degree burns, do not usually require immediate medical treatment. Burns of the face are the exception to this rule. The following are general rules for treating burn victims:

1. Examine for and relieve respiratory distress. Always anticipate respiratory difficulty when there are burns around the face or when the victim has been exposed to hot gases or smoke, since these may cause the airway to swell shut. Keep the airway open by tilting the chin up and forward, or if necessary, by holding the tongue down with a flat object. Place the victim with facial burns in a sitting position, as this will further ease his breathing. Transport victims with facial bums to a medical facility as soon as possible for further evaluation.

2. Remove all rings, bracelets, and similar articles, even from unburned areas, since swelling may develop rapidly and be severe.

3. To relieve pain initially, apply cold compresses to the affected area or submerge it in cold water. Cold water not only minimizes pain but also reduces the burning effects in the deep layers of the skin. Gently pat dry the area with a lint-free cloth or gauze. Aspirin is also effective for the relief of pain.

4. Cover the burned area with a sterile dressing, clean sheet, or unused plastic bag. When the hands and feet are involved, dressings must be applied between the fingers and toes to prevent the skin surfaces from sticking to one another. Coverings, such as blankets or other materials with a rough texture, should not be used because lint may contaminate and further imitate the injured tissue.

5. Do not attempt to break blisters, and do not remove shreds of tissue or adhered particles of charred clothing. Never apply greasy substances (butter, lard, or petroleum jelly), antiseptic preparations, or ointments. These may cause further complications and interfere with later treatment by a physician.

6. When the victim is conscious and not vomiting, prepare a weak solution of salt (1 teaspoon) and baking soda (1/2 teaspoon) in a quart of warm water. Allow the victim to sip the drink slowly.

7. Treat for shock. Maintain the victim's body heat, but do not allow him to become overheated.

8. When the victim's hands, feet, or legs are affected, they should be elevated higher than the heart.

9. When a burn victim must be transported to a medical facility, try to contact the facility before he arrives to allow the facility time to prepare for immediate treatment. Inform them of the degree of the burn, the location, and the percentage of the body area involved.