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BIOLOGICAL WARFARE Epidemics arising from natural causes have plagued military forces for centuries and in many instances have determined the outcome of campaigns. Recognition of this drain on personnel undoubtedly has led to attempts to produce illness in epidemic proportions, through pollution of water and food supplies as well as through other means. The dissemination of disease-producing organisms has never been employed on any significant scale as a weapon of war. HISTORY DISPERSAL Biological agents, unlike most war gases or vapors, cannot be detected by the physical senses or by chemical detectors. Their presence or identity can be determined only by laboratory examination of air samples or contaminated objects. The time between exposure and onset of disease symptoms will usually be a matter of days rather than hours, as is the case with most chemical agents. Though they may be exposed to the same dosage of biological agent, not all personnel will be affected the same way. Some may become seriously ill, while others may have a very mild attack. Still others may escape the disease entirely. PROTECTION Individual Protection PORTALS OF ENTRY.-Inhalation of airborne organisms is considered the greatest potential hazard in biological warfare. The protective mask is an important piece of defensive equipment. A mask that is in good condition and has been properly fitted will greatly reduce the possibility of your inhaling infectious material. Since you cannot detect the presence of biological agents, the use of the mask and other protective equipment will depend upon early warning. To produce disease, biological agents must gain entrance into the body. A concentration of biological agents on the skin might, in time, be transferred to a portal of entry. Any type of clothing will provide some protection by reducing the quantity of agents coming in contact with the skin. The degree of protection afforded is dependent upon how well the fabric stops penetration and the number of layers of clothing being worn. Since this protective effect is due to the mechanical filtering or screening action of the cloth, it is important that shirt and jacket collars be fastened. Sleeves should be rolled down and cuffs buttoned, trouser cuffs stuffed inside tops of boots or socks, and all other garment openings tied or otherwise secured. Following this procedure will minimize the entry of airborne organisms and reduce the risk of bodily contact with biological agents that may be present on the surface of the ground or in the air. EQUIPMENT AND ACTION.-Military headgear helps safeguard the hair from heavy contamination, and ordinary gloves or mittens provide protection for the hands. The type of clothing issued for protection against chemical agents is impregnated with an impermeable barrier and provides a higher degree of protection than the ordinary uniform. Whenever it is available, it should be used. Upon notification of an attack with biological agents, or before entering an area known to be contaminated by them, the following steps should be taken: 1. Put on protective mask and check it for correct fit. 2. Button clothing. Tie clothing at wrists and ankles with string or extra shoelaces. Put on special protective clothing, if available. 3. Put on gloves, if available. Upon leaving the area, proceed with decontamination measures to the extent the situation permits. Group Protection |
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