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Burn Injuries A weapon detonated as an air burst may produce more burn casualties than blast or ionizing radiation casualties. Burns due to a nuclear explosion can also be divided into two classes: direct and indirect burns. Direct burns (usually called flash burns) are the result of thermal (infrared) radiation emanating from a nuclear explosion, while indirect burns result from fires caused by the explosion. Biologically, they are similar to any other burn and are treated in the same manner. Since all radiation travels in a straight line from its source, flash burns are sharply limited to those areas of the skin facing the center of the explosion. Furthermore, clothing will protect the skin to some degree unless the individual is so close to the center of the explosion that the cloth is ignited spontaneously by heat. Although light colors will absorb heat to a lesser degree than dark colors, the thickness, air layers, and types of clothing (wool is better than cotton) are far more important for protection than the color of the material. Eye Burns A second and very serious type of eye injury may also occur. If people are looking directly at the fireball of a nuclear explosion, they may receive a retinal flash burn similar to the burn that occurs on exposed skin. Unfortunately, when the burn heals, the destroyed retinal tissue is replaced by scar tissue that has no light-perception capability, and the victims will have scotomas, blind or partially blind areas in the visual field. In severe cases, the net result may be permanent blindness. The effective range for eye injuries from the flash may extend for many miles when a weapon is detonated as an air burst. This effective range is far greater at night when the pupils are dilated, permitting a greater amount of light to enter the eye. Radiation Injuries ALPHA.-Alpha particles are emitted from the nucleus of some radioactive elements. Alpha particles produce a high degree of ionization when passing through air or tissue. Also, due to their large size and electrical charge, they are rapidly stopped or absorbed by a few inches of air, a sheet of paper, or the superficial layers of skin. Therefore, alpha particles do not constitute a major external radiation hazard. However, because of their great ionization power, they constitute a serious hazard when taken into the body through ingestion, inhalation, or an open wound. BETA.-Beta particles are electrons of nuclear origin. The penetration ability of a beta particle is greater than an alpha particle, but it will only penetrate a few millimeters of tissue and will most probably be shielded out by clothing. Therefore, beta particles, like alpha particles, do not constitute a serious external hazard; however, like alpha particles, they do constitute a serious internal hazard. NEUTRONS.-Neutrons are emitted from the nucleus of the atom. Their travel is therefore unaffected by the electromagnetic fields of other atoms. The neutron is a penetrating radiation which interacts in billiard-ball fashion with the nucleus of small atoms like hydrogen. This interaction produces high-energy, heavy-ionizing particles that can cause significant biological damage similar to that produced by alpha particles. GAMMA RAYS.-Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves. Biologically, gamma
rays are identical to x-rays of the
same energy and frequency. Because they
possess no mass or electrical charge, they
are the most penetrating form of radiation. Gamma
rays produce their effects mainly by
knocking orbital electrons out of their
path-thereby ionizing the atom so
affected-and imparting to the ejected electron.
Neutrons and gamma rays are emitted at the time of the
nuclear explosion, along with light. Gamma
rays and beta particles are present in
nuclear fallout along with alpha
particles from unfissioned nuclear material. |
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