One of the most devastating industrial accidents is an explosion resulting in fire. Carelessness is often the root cause. Improper handling and storage can also lead to disastrous results. This chapter introduces precautions taken to avoid accidents with flammable and combustible liquids.

EO 1.12 DEFINE the following terms:

a. Flammable liquid

b. Combustible liquid

EO1.13 STATE general safety precautions regarding the use, handling, and storage of flammable and combustible liquids.

EO 1.14 STATE the reasons for and techniques used in bonding and grounding of flammable liquid containers.

EO 1.15 LIST four sources of ignition of flammable liquids.

EO 1.16 STATE the health hazards associated with flammable and/or combustible liquids.

Flammable And Combustible Liquids Definitions

As defined by OSHA, DOT, and the National Fire Protection Association Standard, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code,NFPA 30, a f ammable liquid is one having a flash point below 100F, and having a vapor pressure not exceeding 40 psia at 100F. Combustible liquids are those with flash points at or above 100F, but below 200F. Although combustible liquids do not ignite as easily as flammable liquids, they must be handled with caution because of their ability to ignite under certain conditions. Flammable and combustible liquids are further subdivided by NFPA 30 into classes as follows.

Class I - Those liquids having flash points below 100F.

IA - Those liquids having flash points below 73F and having a boiling point below 100F.

IB - Those liquids having flash points below 73'F and having a boiling point at or above 100F.

IC - Those liquids having flash points at or above 73F and below 100F.

Class II - Those liquids having flash points at or above 100F and below 140F.

Class III - Those liquids having flash points above 140F.

IIIA - Those liquids having flash points at or above 140F and below 200F.

IIIB - Those liquids having flash points above 200F.

Flammable and combustible liquids vaporize to form flammable mixtures when they are stored in open containers, when they leak or are spilled, or when heated. The hazard that exists from these mixtures is largely dependent upon the flash point of the liquid, the concentration of the mixture, and the potential of a source of ignition at a temperature sufficient to cause the mixture to burst into flame.

Since it is the vapor-air mixture formed from the evaporation of the liquid that poses the hazard, exposures of large liquid surface areas and sources of heat should be avoided or prevented during handling or storage of these liquids.

Some of the commonly used terms associated with flammable and combustible liquids are provided below.

Auto-Ignition Temperature - The minimum temperature at which a flammable mixture will ignite from its own heat source or contact with a heated surface without necessity of a spark or flame.

Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitible mixture with air near the surface of the liquid (under controlled test conditions).

Flammable Limits - The minimum concentration of vapor in air below which propagation of flame does not occur on contact with a source of ignition. This is known as the lower flammable limit (LFL). There is also a maximum concentration of vapor or gas in air above which propagation of flame will not occur. This is called the upper flammable limit (UFL).

Flammable Range -The difference between the lower and upper flammable limits, expressed in percentage of vapor or gas in air by volume. Also known as the explosive range.

Propagation of Flame -The spread of flame through the entire volume of the flammable mixture from a single source of ignition.

Volatility - The tendency or ability of a liquid to vaporize.

Oxygen Limits - The concentration of oxygen below which a normally flammable vapor mixture will not ignite (normally 12 to 14 percent oxygen). An increase of pressure or temperature will reduce the required lower oxygen limit, however.

Rate of Diffusion - The tendency of one gas or vapor to disperse into or mix with another gas or vapor. Dependent upon the density of the vapor or gas as compared to air.

Vapor Pressure - The pressure exerted by a volatile liquid under any of the conditions of equilibrium that may exist between the vapors and the liquid.

Oxygen Deficiency - The designation given to an atmosphere containing less than the percentage of oxygen normally found in air (<21%).

The volatility of liquids will increase as heat is applied to them. Accordingly, combustible liquids should be treated as flammable when they are heated even though the liquid, when not heated, is outside the flammable range.

The Department of Transportation (DOT) has modified the definition of flammable liquids in its Hazardous Materials Regulation, 49 CFR parts 170 to 179. They are defined as any liquid that gives off flammable vapors at or below a temperature of 80F. This definition is important because the DOT Flammable Liquid Label, illustrated in Figure 4, is one means by which containers of flammable liquids can be identified for shipping, receiving, and transportation.

Figure 4 DOT Flammable Liquid Labels