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Chapter 1 Theory of Light and Optical Principle
Characteristics of Light
Color Temperature - 14209_17
Color Relationships
Absorption
Dispersion
Daylight
Artificial Light
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Figure 1-14.-The position of the discharge tube in relation to the reflector
Principle of a Lens
Figure 1-16.Formation of an image by a lens
Characteristics of Lenses
Figure 1-19 Image Size and Coverage as Compared to the Lens Focal Length
Focal Length and Image Size
Figure 1-20 Subject Coverage Compared to the Lens Focal Length
Lens Diaphragm
How to Use Lenses
Figure 1-23.Equal f/stops produce equal intensities
Table 1-1.Comparison of f/stops with Amount of Light to Exposure Time
Table 1-2.Amount of light, f/stop, and Exposure Time Relationship
f/stops Functions
Circle of Confusion
Figure 1-28 Depth of Field
Hyperfocal Distance
Conjugate Foci
Figure 1-31 Conjugate Distances
Image/Object Relationship
Figure 1-32 Proportional IFGA
Using Various Lenses
Figure 1-33 Comparison of Angle of View on Camera Lenses
Wide-Angle Lenses
Table 1-4 Choosing Lenses to Match Angle of View
Ultra-Wide-Angle Lenses
Figure 1-36.Reflecting telephoto lens
Figure 1-37.Out-of-focus highlights caused by a mirror lens
Figure 1-38.Variable focal-length (zoom) lens
Chapter 2 Light-Sensitive Material
Figure 2-1.IS0 of film
Contrast
Emulsion Definition
Construction of Black-and-White Film
Color Negative Film
Instant Picture Film
Sheet Film
Black-and-White Printing Paper
Color Printing Papers
Film and Paper Expiration Dates
Chapter 3 Photographic Filter
Filters for Black-and-White Photography
Table 3-1.Parallel Filter Bars
Table 3-2.Recommended Filters for Use with Black-and-White Panchromatic Film in Daylight
Table 3-3.Light Balancing filters
Table 3-4.Filters and Exposure Increase for Making Color Pictures by Fluorescent Light
Neutral Density Filters
Polarizing Filters
Skylight Filters
Darkroom Filters
Filters for Color Printing
Dichroic Filters
Chapter 4 Still Cameras and Controls
Camera Types
Small-Format Cameras
Medium-Format Cameras
Camera Controls
Focusing Systems
Direct-Vision Range Finder Focusing
Figure 4-10.Direct-vision range finder focusing
Selective Focus
Aperture
Table 4-1.How to Control Depth of Field
Image Sharpness
Focal-Plane Shutter
Selecting the Shutter Speed
Figure 4-17.Panning with a moving object
Combining Aperture and Shutter Speed
Exposure Control
Factors that Affect Exposure
Figure 4-18.Lighting directions
Reflection Properties
f/16 Rule
Reflected-Light Method
Reflected Light Meter Reading Variations
Brightness Range Method
Causes of False Light Meter Readings
Too Little Light
View Camera
Figure 4-24.Uncorrected and corrected vertical distortion
View Camera Operation
Electronic Cameras
Figure 4-31.Image captured and transmitted using the Kodak DCS Digital Camera
Chapter 5 Basic Photographic Techniques
Figure 5-1.Handholding the camera
Camera Supports
Figure 5-2.Tripods.
Figure 5-3.Using a foot strap to make a tripod more rigid
Center of Interest
Subject Placement
Viewpoint and Camera Angle
Symmetrical, or Formal, Balance
Figure 5-8.High viewpoint and high camera angle
Figure 5-9A.Symmetrical, or formal, balance
Asymmetrical, or Informal, Balance
Shapes and Lines
Figure 5-12.Leading lines
Figure 5-13.Diagonal lines convey a feeling of dynamic action
Pattern and Volume
Figure 5-15.Shapes used in composition
Lighting
Color Contrast
Framing - 14209_128
Figure 5-18.High-key scene
Figure 5-20.Blurred background creates subject separation
Rectilinear Perspective
Height Perspective
Dwindling Size Perspective
Atmospheric Perspective
Photographic Lighting - 14209_135
Existing Light - 14209_136
Fluorescent Lighting
Pictures Outdoors at Night
Automatic Electronic Flash Units
Single Flash
Figure 5-27.Effects of direct, diffused and bounce flash
Off Camera Flash
Synchro-Sunlight
Open Flash
Summary - 14209_145
Chapter 6 Photographic Assignments
Equipment Security
Framing People in their Environment
People Working
Figure 6-1A.LT(jg) Robin T. Russler stands watch on the flag bridge of the USS Tripoli
Group Pictures
Figure 6-2.Boat crews aboard the USS Theodore Roosevelt pose with their motor launches
Figure 6-3.Arrange long rows in a semicircle.
Figure 6-4.Formal group photo
Figure 6-5.Damage control trainee struggles to repair a ruptured pipe
People in Action
Figure 6-6.Award presented by the former Secretary of Defense Frank C. Carlucci
Explain the Action
Background Information - 14209_160
Investigation Photography
Fire and Arson Photography
Figure 6-7.A close-up damage to the USS Stark after it was struck by Iraqi-launched Exocet missile
Aircraft Accident Investigation Photography
Procedures at the Scene of the Accident
Figure 6-10.USS White Plains is blown hard aground at Polaris Point, Apra Harbor, Guam
Product Photography
Equipment
Lighting Basic Shapes
Diffused Light
Lighting Spherical Shapes
Creating the Lighting
Product Photography Techniques
Dulling Reflections
Using a Mirror
Photographing Glass
Figure 6-15.A typical setup for lighting glassware
Blocking Out a Background
Corrective Photography
Architectural Photography
Figure 6-20A.Construction in progress
Inspection and Survey Photography
Industrial Photography
Photographing Large Machines and Equipment
Figure 6-22 Interior View Showing Machinery Installation
Figure 6-23.Catapult retraction system
Intelligence Photography
Ships
Figure 6-25.The Soviet cargo ship Nbah Pycakob in the port of Conakry, Guinea
Summary - 14209_190
Chapter 7 Portraiture
Studio Equipment
Lights and Accessories
Film for Portraits
Camera Height
Posing
Portrait Composition and Subject Placement
Figure 7-5.Subject placed too low in the photograph
Fundamental Portrait Lighting
Main Light Distance
Main Light Direction
Lighting Ratio
Side Lighting
Rim Lighting
Full-Length Photographs
Pose and Composition
Corrective Techniques
Table 7-1.Corrective TreatmentsContinued
Passport Photographs
Personnel Identification Photography
Chapter 8 Copying
Copyright - 14209_212
How Long Copyright Protection Lasts
Works of the United States Government
Definitions
Paper Money, Checks, and Bonds
Cameras for Copying Large Originals
Lenses for Copying
Lighting Equipment
Quartz-Iodine Lamps
Black-and-White Line Originals
Combined Black-and-White Line and Continuous-Tone Originals
Special Applications in Copying
Lighting the Original
Kelvin Temperature of Illumination
Determining Exposure - 14209_226
Processing Copy Films
Duplicating 35mm Color Slides
Examining Results
Summary - 14209_230
Chapter 9 Chemical Mixing
Mixing, Testing, and Storing Equipment
Hydrometers
pH Meters
Mixers
Impeller Mixers
Chemical Mixing Rules
Containers
Preparation of Photographic Solutions
Chemical Safety
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
Summary - 14209_242
Chapter 10 Image Processing and Control
Preservative
General Purpose Developers
Changes in Developer with use
Water Rinse Bath
Time Required for Fixing
Life of a Fixing Bath
Rate of Water Change
Film Processing Equipment
Safelights
Sheet Film Hangers
Roll Film Tanks and Reels
Figure 10-5.Film developing tanks
Timers
Processing Methods
Tray Processing
Caution
Tank Developing Sheet Film
Figure 10-12.Loading a sheet film holder
Figure 10-13.Sheet film tank processing agitation
Tank Developing Roll Film - 14209_263
Figure 10-16.Leading 35mm film on wire reel
Figure 10-17.Loading 120 film on reel
Figure 10-18.Arrangement of materials for processing film
Reversal Processing
Color Negative Processing
Color Reversal Film Processing
Rotary Drum Processor
Transport Speed
Solution Temperature
Quality Processing
Tonal Gradation
Figure 10-23.Exposure and processing affects
Table 10-1.Negative Defects: Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy
Table 10-1.Negative Defects: Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy-Continued
Table 10-1.Negative Defects Their Appearance, Cause, and Remedy-Contiuued
Table 10-1.Negative Defects Their Appearance, Cause, and RemedyContinued
Process Monitoring
Sensitometry - 14209_281
Control Strips
Densitometry
Figure 10-28.Process control chart
Chapter 11 Black and White Printing
Contact Printing - 14209_286
Contact Printer
Contact Printing Procedure - 14209_288
Test Print
Exposing and Processing Prints
Group Print Development
Projection Printing - 14209_292
Enlargers
Condenser Enlargers
Condenser-Diffusion Enlargers
Enlarger and Easel Adjustments
Table 11-2.Multigrade Filter Selection Guide
Figure 11-10.Comparison of a number 0, 2, and 5 contrast printing filter
Composition and Cropping
Figure 11-12.Cropping arms can be used to determine cropping
Local Print Control
Figure 11-15.Vignetted head-and-shoulders portrait
Figure 11-16.Head-and-shoulders portrait using diffusing techniques
Minimizing Graininess
Processing Defects
Table 11-3.Print DefectsContinued
Chapter 12 Color Printing
Additive Primaries
Color Star
Color Temperature - 14209_310
Printing Color Negatives
Making Color Prints
Figure 12-4.Ring around
Color Printing Viewing Filters
Table 12-2.Exposure Factors for Kodak CC and CP Filters
Color Proof Sheets
Trial and Error Printing
Figure 12-5.On-easel color analyzer
On-Easel Analyzers
Making Transparencies from Color Negatives
Automated Printers
Figure 12-7B.Top view of Pako BC 24 roll paper printer
Figure 12-9.Keyboard of a Noritsu Model 1001 print processor
Chapter 13 Motion Media
Filters
Exposure Calculation and Control
Key Terms
Videotape Recorders
Tape Format System
Figure 13-4.Video scanning.
Hi8 Track System
Camcorders
White Balance
Tripods
Making Pans
Secondary Movement
Figure 13-9.TV framing
Area of Talent Included - 14209_339
Extreme Closeup Shots
Screen Direction
Figure 13-12.Showing change of screen direction
Static Screen Direction
Cut-In and Cutaway Shots
Uncontrolled Action
Recording Graphics
Identifying Recorded Image Content
Slating
Visual Information Caption Sheets
Videotape Care
Figure 13-18B.Visual information caption sheet (back).
Summary - 14209_352
Chapter 14 Job Control and Photographic Finishing
Restricted Data
Classification Markings on Imaging Products
Security Areas
Safekeeping and Storage of Classified Material
Reciept System for Classified Material
Visitor Control
Visual Information Job-Order Form
Figure 14-2B.OPNA V 5290/1 (Back)
Photographic Finishing
Still Photography
Print Mounting
Slide Mounting
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_367
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_368
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_369
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_370
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_371
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_372
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_373
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_374
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Appendix I Glossary - 14209_377
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_378
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_379
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_380
Appendix I Glossary - 14209_381
Appendix II Formulas - 14209_383
Appendix II Formulas - 14209_384
Appendix III References - 14209_385
Appendix III References - 14209_386
Appendix III References - 14209_387
Index - 14209_389
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