MINIMUM STANDARDS

Unpatrollable fence lines, ^{water boundaries, and} similar areas need not be illuminated. Where these areas are patrolled, sufficient illumination should be provided to assist the security force in preventing intrusion.

Vehicular and pedestrian gates used for routine ingress and egress should be sufficiently illuminated to facilitate personnel identification and access control.

Exterior building doors should be provided with lighting to enable the security force to observe an intruder seeking access.

Airfields, aircraft, shipyards, controlled industrial areas, piers, docks, petroleum storage areas, and other mission-critical areas should be protected with sufficient illumination for the security force to detect, observe, and apprehend intruders.

Protective lighting should be checked daily by the security force to ensure all light fixtures are operational. Inoperative lights should be recorded and referred to the security officer.

The security officer should make sure all reports of inoperative protective lights are given immediate attention and corrective actions are taken.

EMERGENCY POWER

Restricted areas provided with protective lighting should have an emergency power source located within the restricted area. The emergency power source should be adequate to sustain security lighting and communications requirements and other essential services required within restricted areas. Provisions should be made to ensure the immediate availability of the emergency power in the event of failure of the primary source. Emergency power sources should start

automatically. Battery-powered lights and essential communications should be available at all times at key locations within the restricted areas in the event of complete failure of primary and emergency sources of power. Emergency power systems should be tested monthly and the results should be recorded/logged and maintained for a period of 3 years or until the next cognizant Inspector General command inspection cycle, whichever is greater.

TECHNICAL ASPECTS

The differences in building arrangements, terrain, atmospheric conditions, and other factors necessitate the designing of each protective lighting system to meet the conditions peculiar to each activity or facility.

Protective illumination should not be curtailed below the minimum required for security. Lack of illumination contributes to increases in loss and vandalism that can more than offset energy costs. In designing a lighting system, consideration should be given to local conditions at the installation or activity, with efforts concentrated on reducing the amount of energy used to deliver the illumination required by taking advantage of all lighting energy conservation opportunities (LECO). LECO should be evaluated in terms of existing systems in the area and future requirements.

A lighting energy audit should be conducted to learn what is installed, the condition, the energy being consumed, the light produced, the amount of light needed, and so forth, to determine which type of lamp (incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, metal halide, high-pressure sodium, or low-pressure sodium) system or systems would be best.

New system interactions should be evaluated with existing systems in adjacent areas to determine impact (other light levels, electrical transmission systems, heating and cooling systems, and so on).

Multiple circuits may be used to an advantage in protective lighting systems. The circuits should be so arranged that the failure of anyone lamp will not darken a long section of a critical or vulnerable area. The protective lighting system should be independent of other lighting systems and should be protected so that a fire or disaster will not interrupt the entire system.

SWITCH AND CONTROL PROTECTION

Controls and switches for protective lighting systems should be inside the protected area and locked or guarded at all times. An alternative is to locate the controls in a central station similar to, or as a part of, the system used in intrusion detection alarm central monitoring stations. High-impact plastic shields may be installed over lights to prevent destruction by stones, air rifles, and so on.

PHYSICAL SECURITY SURVEYS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES: List and explain the purpose of a physical security survey. Describe the three types of physical security surveys.

Each Navy activity and installation should establish a program to assess the degree of local compliance with the security standards, requirements, and policies on an annual basis. The physical security survey checklist contained in appendix VIII of OPNAVINST 5530.14 should be used. Command inspections or special-purpose (physical security inspection/physical security audit/physical security review) examinations of an activity's security program should be conducted by an immediate superior in command at least every 3 years. This survey should include the practical exercise of physical security, loss prevention, and crisis management plans to evaluate the overall adequacy of the security force. It should also evaluate the activity's ability to protect against penetration of its barriers and unauthorized entry, protect vital property, and deal with terrorist situations.

PURPOSE OF PHYSICAL SECURITY SURVEYS

Physical security surveys are used to evaluate the adequacy of a command's security program. The security officer should initiate physical security surveys, which may be conducted by rated Master-at-Arms, trained civilian employees, or security guard force personnel. Physical security surveys should be conducted at least once annually. These surveys should identify all security discrepancies and make recommendations for corrective actions. Additionally, a POA&M should be developed to assist in the tracking of corrective actions taken and pending.

A physical security survey is made to verify current information and to obtain new facts. It should be conducted not only during normal duty hours but also during nonduty hours, including hours of darkness. If done correctly, the survey will provide a true picture of the existing hazards and effectiveness of current protective measures. Physical security surveys should be used as a management tool and are not normally sent up the chain of command.

TYPES OF PHYSICAL SECURITY SURVEYS

Three types of physical security surveys are used on installations: initial, supplemental, and follow-up. Each is discussed in turn.

Initial Survey

The initial survey is the very first survey of an installation and is conducted by the responsible surveying office.

Supplemental Survey

A supplemental survey is conducted when changes occur in the organization, mission, or physical aspects that would affect physical security of the installation.

Follow-up Survey

The follow-up survey is made to ensure recommendations from the initial and supplement surveys have been carried out. It is important to make sure work orders are initiated and stay valid.