The simplest type of dug-in emplacement is the SKIRMISHER'S TRENCH, as shown in figure 7-1. This shallow pit type of emplacement provides a temporary, open, prone firing position for the individual rifleman. When the situation demands immediate shelter from heavy enemy fire and when existing defiladed firing positions (positions which provide protection from fire or observation, such as ridges, embankments, and ravines) are not available, each man lies prone or on his side. With his entrenching tool, he scrapes and piles the soil in a low parapet between him and the enemy. Thus a shallow, body-length pit can be formed quickly in all but the hardest ground. The trench

Figure 7-5.-One-man fighting hole.

should be oriented with respect to the line of fire of the enemy so it is least vulnerable to enfilade fire (fire from the flanking or side position). In a skirmisher's trench, a man presents a low silhouette to the enemy and is afforded some protection from small-arms fire. Figure 7-2 shows CAMOUFLAGED FIGHTING HOLES that may be built either while in contact with the enemy or before contact with the enemy is made. They are a more permanent type of construction than the skirmisher's trench. They may or may not be covered. The two shown are covered, which helps prevent detection, but they are not provided much protection from enemy fire. They are constructed to enable a man to fire from a standing position with most of his body protected from enemy fire. These emplacements help provide protection from small-arms fire, shell fragments, bombings, and the crushing action of tanks. Figure 7-3 shows a CUT-TIMBER REVETMENT, constructed when the soil is soft enough to require the timber support shown. Again, this is a more permanent type of emplacement and is normally built only when a unit expects to stay in an area for quite some time. You would fire from a standing position with most of your body protected from enemy fire. Figure 7-4 shows a fighting hole with an overhead cover providing cover from enemy fire as well as concealment from the enemy.

Figure 7-6.-Two-man fighting hole.

The internal construction of a ONE-MAN FIGHTING HOLE is shown in figure 7-5. It is made as small as possible to present the smallest target to the enemy, but wide enough to accommodate a man's shoulders, and deep enough to use entrenching tools at the bottom. A sump should be built below the firing step, atone end, to catch rainwater. The firing step should be deep enough to protect most of a man's body while firing. A circular grenade sump, large enough to accept the largest known enemy grenade, is sloped downward at an angle of 30 degrees and is excavated under the fire step. Hand grenades thrown into the fighting hole are exploded in this sump, and their fragmentation is restricted to the unoccupied end of the fighting hole. The soil from the hole is used to build a parapet. The edge of the hole is used for an elbow rest while firing. Be sure to camouflage the soil used for your parapet to help avoid detection.

Figure 7-6 shows a TWO-MAN FIGHTING HOLE that is essentially two one-man holes. The two-man fighting hole provides some advantages over the one-man fighting hole. By being in such close proximity, each man gains a feeling of more security, and it allows one man to rest while the other man is observing the area. One disadvantage is since it is longer than a one-man hole, it provides less protection from tanks, bombing, strafing, and shelling.

Figure 7-7.-Dug-in cave holes.

The types of dug-in CAVE HOLES shown in figure 7-7 are dug in the side of hills or mountains and are used as a command post for the unit, a machine gun position, or a rifle or light automatic-weapon position. When possible, the entrance to these emplacements should be concealed and camouflaged. They provide excellent protection from enemy observation and fire.

A PRONE EMPLACEMENT (fig. 7-8) provides protection from small-arms fire, shelling, bombing, and strafing by enemy planes. It is a one-man hole and is normally the type of emplacement dug by and for command post personnel.